In this discussion, I’ll be posting tips on: choosing the right safety devices choice of wires for different usage scenerios how to interpret your electrical drawing how to calculate quantity of cable for wiring

First, why do you need to know all this? you need to know when your installation is not done right. Regulations in nigeria is not strictly adhered to and some of the artisans are not well trained. you need to know when your quotation is outrageous and to reduce wastage. some electrical fires is caused overload in branch circuit primarily due to wrong choice of wire gauge or wrong sizing of miniature circuit breaker (MCB). Though arc prevention device is not a requirement, it’s use is cool where wires are continually moved like in sockets used for ironing. some electrical shock is due to poor earthing or not using shock preventing devices where one is required. because proper installation reduces susceptibility of your appliances to damage due to lightening and voltage transient in transmission line. Life is like a parachute jump, you’ve got to get it right the first time.

How safe is your home and appliances? What will happen if you, or anyone in your household accidentally touch a live wire? Electric shock What will happen if your public utility accidentally supply your area with line-line voltage (above 300V) due to fault? Equipment damage What will happen if there’s a lightening surge? Equipement damage What will happen if there’s a partial contact in one of your sockets? Fire All these can be prevented if your installation was done right from beginning.

COMMON CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK: Electric shock is not electrocution. When a person is shocked, an electrical charge causes the person to suffer serious, all-too-often life-altering injuries – but the victim is still alive. Electrocution, on the other hand, is fatal. It occurs when an electrical charge kills the victim. The distinction is an important one because the difference between these two concepts is life and death. An electric shock is caused when a person is exposed to and/or comes into contact with a source of electricity, directly or indirectly sending an electrical current through a portion of the person’s body. Causes of electric shock can include: Contact with a powerline or electrical arc flash Accidental contact with exposed electrical sources Faulty electrical wiring, installations and repairs Contact with metal, growing vegetation, or other conductive material exposed to electrical current, such as a metal ladder that touches a powerline or other exposed wire Accidental contact with a downed power line, or with the earth near a downed powerline Faulty swimming pool pumps or swimming pool lights, unbonded surfaces near a pool, or pool deck outlets lacking ground fault safety devices Shock from faulty or unprotected electrical products, such as household appliances (e.g., hair dryers and toasters), power tools, medical devices, outlets, electrical plugs and extension cords Three-prong-to-two-prong grounded plug adapters Lightning from thunderstorms Construction machinery, such as cranes, scaffolds, lifts, dump trucks, ladders, and long conductive handled tools making contact with power lines Contact with electrical machinery Contact with electricity-based weapons such as tasers Entering switch cabinets, step-down transformers, or electrical cabinets without authorizations

Electrical Wiring: What you should know before building

Judy1

In this discussion, I’ll be posting tips on:

choosing the right safety devices
choice of wires for different usage scenerios
how to interpret your electrical drawing
how to calculate quantity of cable for wiring

Judy1

Judy1 Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets, and light fittings in a structure.
Next, we will look at wiring codes of practice, colour coding, breaker selection guide, and wire selection guide.

Judy1

First, why do you need to know all this?

you need to know when your installation is not done right. Regulations in nigeria is not strictly adhered to and some of the artisans are not well trained.
you need to know when your quotation is outrageous and to reduce wastage.
some electrical fires is caused overload in branch circuit primarily due to wrong choice of wire gauge or wrong sizing of miniature circuit breaker (MCB). Though arc prevention device is not a requirement, it’s use is cool where wires are continually moved like in sockets used for ironing.
some electrical shock is due to poor earthing or not using shock preventing devices where one is required.
because proper installation reduces susceptibility of your appliances to damage due to lightening and voltage transient in transmission line.

Life is like a parachute jump, you’ve got to get it right the first time.

Judy1

How safe is your home and appliances?

What will happen if you, or anyone in your household accidentally touch a live wire? Electric shock
What will happen if your public utility accidentally supply your area with line-line voltage (above 300V) due to fault? Equipment damage
What will happen if there’s a lightening surge? Equipement damage
What will happen if there’s a partial contact in one of your sockets? Fire

All these can be prevented if your installation was done right from beginning.

Judy1

COMMON CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL FIRES:

Knowing the causes of electrical fire is one step ahead in the prevention of electrical fires at home. Here are the 5 most common causes of electrical fires.
Electrical fire cause 1: Faulty outlets, appliances. Most electrical fires are caused by faulty electrical outlets and old, outdated appliances. Other fires are started by faults in appliance cords, receptacles and switches. Never use an appliance with a worn or frayed cord, which can send heat onto combustible surfaces like floors, curtains, and rugs that can start a fire.

Running cords under rugs is another cause of electrical fires. Removing the grounding plug from a cord so it can be used in a two-prong electrical outlet can also cause a fire. The reason appliances have the extra prong is so they can be only used in outlets that can handle the extra amount of electricity that these appliances draw.

Judy1

Electrical fire cause 2: Light fixtures. Light fixtures, lamps and light bulbs are another common reason for electrical fires. Installing a bulb with a wattage that is too high for the lamps and light fixtures is a leading cause of electrical fires. Always check the maximum recommended bulb wattage on any lighting fixture or lamp and never go over the recommended amount.

Another cause of fire is placing materials like cloth or paper over a lampshade. The material heats up and ignites, causing a fire. Faulty lamps and light fixtures also frequently result in fires.

Judy1

Electrical fire cause 3: Extension cords. Misuse of extension cords is another electrical fire cause. Appliances should be plugged directly into outlet and not plugged into an extension cord for any length of time. Only use extension cords as a temporary measure. If you do not have the appropriate type of outlets for your appliances, hire an electrician to install new ones.

Judy1

Electrical fire cause 4: Space heaters. Because these types of heaters are portable, many times people put them too close to combustible surfaces such as curtains, beds, clothing, chairs, couches and rugs. Coil space heaters are especially dangerous in this regard because the coils become so hot they will almost instantaneously ignite any nearby flammable surface.

If you do use space heaters, use the radiator-type that diffuse heat over the entire surface of the appliance. These are less likely to ignite flammable items, but should still be kept away from them.

Judy1

Electrical fire cause 5: Wiring. Outdated wiring often causes electrical fires. If a home is over 20 years old, it may not have the wiring capacity to handle the increased amounts of electrical appliances in today’s average home, such as computers, wide-screen televisions, video and gaming players, microwaves and air conditioners.

Breakers should be triggered when circuits get overloaded by too much electricity, but outdated breaker boxes often have worn connectors that do not work, causing the system to overload and start an electrical fire.

Judy1

Therefore to prevent electrical fire at home, one must use appliances suitably sized for the branch circuit - that is proper gauge of wire must be used. Appropriately sized circuit breaker must be used for the branch circuit.

Also, standards must be adhered to with regards to minimum number of socket point in each room (this will help avoid use of extensions and overload om socket point)

Judy1

Additionally, Arc-fault current interrupted (AFCI), should be used to detect and disconnect a circuit if arcing/spark is detected.

An arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) also known as an arc-fault detection device (AFDD) is a circuit breaker that breaks the circuit when it detects the electric arcs that are a signature of loose connections in home wiring. Loose connections, which can develop over time, can sometimes become hot enough to ignite house fires. An AFCI selectively distinguishes between a harmless arc (incidental to normal operation of switches, plugs, and brushed motors), and a potentially dangerous arc (that can occur, for example, in a lamp cord which has a broken conductor).

Conventional circuit breakers only respond to overloads and short circuits, so they do not protect against arcing conditions that produce erratic, and often reduced current. AFCIs are devices designed to protect against fires caused by arcing faults in the home electrical wiring. The AFCI circuitry continuously monitors the current and discriminates between normal and unwanted arcing conditions. Once detected, the AFCI opens its internal contacts, thus de-energizing the circuit and reducing the potential for a fire to occur.

Caution: please note that AFCI prevent ONLY fire caused by arcing.

Judy1

COMMON CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK:

Electric shock is not electrocution. When a person is shocked, an electrical charge causes the person to suffer serious, all-too-often life-altering injuries – but the victim is still alive. Electrocution, on the other hand, is fatal. It occurs when an electrical charge kills the victim.

The distinction is an important one because the difference between these two concepts is life and death.
An electric shock is caused when a person is exposed to and/or comes into contact with a source of electricity, directly or indirectly sending an electrical current through a portion of the person’s body.

Causes of electric shock can include:

Contact with a powerline or electrical arc flash
Accidental contact with exposed electrical sources
Faulty electrical wiring, installations and repairs
Contact with metal, growing vegetation, or other conductive material exposed to electrical current, such as a metal ladder that touches a powerline or other exposed wire
Accidental contact with a downed power line, or with the earth near a downed powerline
Faulty swimming pool pumps or swimming pool lights, unbonded surfaces near a pool, or pool deck outlets lacking ground fault safety devices
Shock from faulty or unprotected electrical products, such as household appliances (e.g., hair dryers and toasters), power tools, medical devices, outlets, electrical plugs and extension cords
Three-prong-to-two-prong grounded plug adapters
Lightning from thunderstorms
Construction machinery, such as cranes, scaffolds, lifts, dump trucks, ladders, and long conductive handled tools making contact with power lines
Contact with electrical machinery
Contact with electricity-based weapons such as tasers
Entering switch cabinets, step-down transformers, or electrical cabinets without authorizations

Judy1

SAFETY DEVICE TO PREVENT FATAL SHOCK:

A residual-current device (RCD), or residual-current circuit breaker (RCCB), is a safety device that quickly breaks an electrical circuit to protect equipment and to reduce the risk of serious harm from an ongoing electric shock

An RCD is a life-saving device which is designed to prevent you from getting a fatal electric shock if you touch something live, such as a bare wire. It can also provide some protection against electrical fires. RCDs offer a level of personal protection that ordinary fuses and circuit-breakers cannot provide. An RCD is a sensitive safety device that switches off electricity automatically if there is a fault.

An RCD is designed to protect against the risks of electrocution and fire caused by earth faults. For example, if you cut through the cable when mowing the lawn and accidentally touched the exposed live wires or a faulty appliance overheats causing electric current to flow to earth.

An RCD constantly monitors the electric current flowing through one or more circuits it is used to protect. If it detects electricity flowing down an unintended path, such as through a person who has touched a live part, the RCD will switch the circuit off very quickly, significantly reducing the risk of death or serious injury.

Caution: RCD does not offer protection if you touch live (red or brown wire) and neutral (black or blue wire) simultaneously.

Judy1

DAMAGES FROM LIGHTENING AND POWER LINE VOLTAGE TRANSIENTS:

Lightning protection - Electrical installation protection system
The main objective of the electrical installation protection system is to limit overvoltages to values that are acceptable for the equipment.

The electrical installation protection system consists of:

one or more SPDs depending on the building configuration;
the equipotential bonding: metallic mesh of exposed conductive parts.

The procedure to protect the electrical and electronic systems of a building is as follows.

Identify all sensitive loads and their location in the building.
Identify the electrical and electronic systems and their respective points of entry into the building.
Check whether a lightning protection system is present on the building or in the vicinity.
Install bonding conductors on frames by a mesh.
Install a surge protective device (SPD) in the incoming switchboard.
Install an additional SPD in each subdistribution board located in the vicinity of sensitive equipment

SPD is designed to limit transient overvoltages of atmospheric origin and divert current waves to earth, so as to limit the amplitude of this overvoltage to a value that is not hazardous for the electrical installation and electric switchgear and controlgear.

Awaiskhan

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